Thermocouples are the most commonly used temperature sensor. They are very low cost and rugged. Some work at temperatures as low as -250°C, while others work up tp 2,300°C. Different models are suited for different environments.
RTDs (resistance temperature detectors) are easier to use than thermocouples because they do not require cold junction compensation. They can work from -200°C to 850°C.
PCI
PCI Boards with built in support for common types of thermocouples (CJC and linearisation)
USB
USB Boards with built in support for common types of thermocouples (CJC and linearisation)